Conversations with a Retired Healthcare Executive (Who Just Happens to be My Father)

Health insurance plays an outsized role in our lives. But does anyone really know how it works? Or, for that matter, what it really says? In this series, I will be talking to my dad, a retired healthcare executive, about a variety of topics to get some clarity on private (employer-supplied) health insurance.

Jeremy Sachs spent 30 years working for a Fortune 500 insurance company. During much of that time, as House Counsel for the Employee Benefits Division, he advised corporate managers of the Division on a wide range of legal issues relating to the Company's group health insurance policies, including during the times when the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) were passed and instituted.

This series does not apply to Medicare, Medicaid, Obamacare (The Affordable Care Act, or ACA), or individual health insurance, unless otherwise specified.

Chapter 1: What is health insurance?

All insurance is about risk. A company that sells homeowner's insurance charges premiums to accept the risk that a tree might fall on your house. A company that offers car insurance accepts the risk that you might get into a car accident. Those insurance policies are contracts between you and an insurance company; group health insurance, the kind that is offered by your employer, is a contract between your employer and a private insurance company. Most commonly, you and your employer share the cost of a monthly insurance premium. In this case, the insurance company accepts the risk that you might need the type of medical treatment specified in the policy, treatment that you may not be able to afford otherwise.

But keep in mind that health insurance companies are also businesses, like all for-profit businesses: responsible to their shareholders. It’s not easy to wrap your mind around the fact that something so personal to you is business as usual to them, but understanding that is vital to understanding how insurance works.

A Brief History

Insurance used to be a lot less complicated before the proliferation of technology and advanced treatment methods, like platinum-based cancer treatments. It was also a lot less expensive before those advances (you know, platinum). 

Now we live in an age where, in many cases, our quality of life has improved exponentially. The downside is that chronic and autoimmune conditions have become a competitive market. We will always fuel that market, looking for the next drug or procedure or device that will alleviate symptoms, reduce pain, or extend lives that otherwise might be shorter than average. Insurance often is the only way for people who need the latest treatments to actually be able to afford them.

So, where do you fit?

You’re the risk. Sort of. I mean, is it really a risk if you already know the outcome? You will definitely need medical services. Health insurance covers the “care and treatment” of “accident” or “illness.” The tricky part is defining the “accidents” and “illnesses” that are covered by the plan, and what is “necessary” to treat them. Before managed care options like HMOs and PPOs, the patient’s physician decided what was necessary. Now, it’s up to the insurance company and a committee of outside medical professionals.

When the insurance policy’s definitions of “accidents” and “illnesses” are uncertain, a committee inside the insurance company looks at similar cases and the circumstances around your case, and makes a judgment call that will (hopefully) serve both the company’s interests and your own, as the patient.

When the doctor and the insurance company disagree on what’s “necessary”, they negotiate payment. This is labor-intensive, and a common reason that some doctors’ offices, especially private practices, do not take insurance. In those cases, reimbursement from the insurance company goes through you.

In both instances, you can appeal the decisions made by the insurance company, but it’s an uphill battle. For example, in the “necessary” instance, I used to take an expensive injection for anemia ($1,200/month). My symptoms were mild, but without it, there was always an underlying tiredness every day, even when I got enough sleep. The insurance company decided to set their standards against the medical community’s recommendations and make it harder to qualify for the medication.

I was not the only one who fell into the mild category. Several people with my conditions were also affected. The doctors tried to negotiate coverage with the insurance company, but it didn’t work.

It was really hard to accept that someone I’d never met had switched out the experts who knew my situation for their experts, who had no idea how it felt to drag through every day. For all intents and purposes, strangers had made a judgment call that would restrict oxygen flow to my body, including to my brain. (That’s what anemia is: lack of iron in the bloodstream, and iron delivers oxygen.) It was so personal. My day-to-day functionality, and the only option I had, was to pay the $1,200/month. The only way I could get there was to stop paying rent.

Understand that, when you enroll in an insurance plan, you become what is called a "third-party beneficiary." When your plan goes into effect, you become entitled to certain rights and coverages that your employer negotiated to be included in the policy. However, what they don’t tell you is this: no health insurance company accepts every single possible health risk. The company’s professionals -- actuaries (mathematicians) and underwriters (risk evaluators) -- decide how much risk the company can assume and still earn a profit. Because of that, every insurance policy contains specific sections that detail limitations and exclusions on benefits payable under the plan. Sometimes that means specific things like my anemia drug.

And when you are evaluating which policy is right for you, remember that these limitations and exclusions are not just found in the obvious sections. There are others listed throughout the policy. Make sure you’ve seen all of them before signing up for health insurance.

So, next time you are considering enrolling in private group health insurance, start your evaluation with the definitions section to help you understand what your plan does cover. Look for the limitations and exclusions section to see what your plan doesn’t cover. This will help you set expectations as to what doctors and treatments you will be able to afford under the plan for the coming year.

If you still have questions about the policy, reach out to your employer’s benefits coordinator or Human Resources department for clarification.

And don’t be afraid to ask questions about your specific condition and circumstances. It sucks to buy insurance and then find out after the fact that the cutting-edge treatment your doctor wants for you is out of financial reach.

So, Why Yet Another Blog? And Why This Blog?

Because if you have an autoimmune or chronic condition, the likelihood is that I have been where you are. 

When you were diagnosed, were you scared? Bewildered? Confused? Angry? Numb? Did you feel helpless or stupid? I was too young to understand completely, but I remember clearly how angry I was. Very angry. Furious. I didn't know then that it was a defense to cover helplessness. It was so big. DIABETES (it always seemed weird that it's never capitalized in print). I didn't know what it was, how it worked, or what it meant for the rest of my life. Everything was changing. I thought, what do I do now?

There was other stuff, too -- subconscious stuff. I didn't realize it until recently, but I also felt a deep sense of betrayal. It makes sense. What's worse than when you betray yourself? And what else can you call it when your body turns on you and literally attacks itself? You are supposed to be able to trust yourself more than anyone else on the planet, right? But you can't. Nothing works like it's supposed to anymore. 

My situation was made even worse by the fact that I thought I had already paid my medical "dues." You know those commercials for the meningitis vaccine? I had that. Eight years before my diabetes diagnosis, I got B strep meningitis. I was the only kid who survived it that year, and even then I ended up in a wheelchair for 18 months. It was only through my family's support and sacrifices that I won that vicious, ugly war.

It was a real slap in the face to realize that wasn’t the end of it, that instead of winning a war, it had just been the opening salvo, a mere battle in a conflict that would last the length of my life.

Decades later, it makes me sad sometimes to think about who I might have been if I had been healthy. Then I think about how far I've come. Yes, my conditions (I have several now) are hard. Inconvenient. Time-consuming. But I like the life I have and the person I have become. I am proud of the strength that came from the crucible of my medical issues. I am grateful for the relationships I have, every one of which is worthwhile and valuable (you tend not to waste time on superficiality when your time and energy are limited). And maybe, just maybe, I have learned enough to trust myself again.

So, why this blog? I want to use my experience and contacts to arm you with the tools you will need to navigate both your condition and our ridiculously complicated healthcare system. I figure that if I can help just one person avoid my mistakes or come through the low points better than I did, I can consider this a successful venture.

Obamacare repair, not replacement: more than a change in messaging

Please note: This blogpost is by Mark Weller and originally appeared February 13, 2017 on Soapbox: A Politics and Policy blog here. 

Mark is a Partner in the Public Policy & Regulation practice and Health Care practice at Dentons, a multinational law firm. Having worked on and around Capitol Hill for over 30 years, he is an expert in the politics around healthcare and knows the environment from every angle.

Note #2: Obamacare is a common reference to the Affordable Care Act (ACA). They are the same thing.

Last week Republicans on the House Energy and Commerce Health Subcommittee held a hearing on four Obamacare replacement bills. The move is consistent with recent Republican leadership comments that they plan to replace the Affordable Care Act with a series of small measures instead of one major replacement bill.

But at the same time, President Donald Trump in a Fox interview said that an Obamacare replacement may take until 2018. And now House Speaker Paul Ryan and leading committee chairs are saying they want to “repair” the ACA, not “repeal and replace” the law.

Legislating is hard

What’s going on here? The President is acknowledging what many policymakers already knew. Despite the campaign rhetoric that Obamacare would immediately be repealed and replaced, the process could have serious political repercussions if not done right.

There appears to be general agreement about moving away from the ACA’s insurance benefit mandates. Also, the aforementioned House subcommittee explored popular issues like how to deal with people with pre-existing health conditions, how to spur people to keep continuous coverage throughout their lives, and loosening age-rating bands. Alongside Democratic taunts that Republicans don’t know what to do after the “dog has caught the car,” or in some versions is actually trying to drive the car, the simple fact is finding a consensus on how to replace the ACA will take longer than expected.

 Individual mandate is instructive

The repeal of the individual insurance mandate provides a perfect example of the dilemma Republicans face. The mandate that individuals purchase health insurance or face a penalty is a core feature of Obamacare. Republicans hate mandates and see the provision as symbolic of Obamacare's overreach in attempting to correct deficiencies in the individual insurance market.

There is broad agreement that the law should bar insurers from discriminating against people with medical problems as long as they remained enrolled in an insurance plan. But if you eliminate the mandate that that people buy insurance, you’re left with a worsening and dysfunctional market that attracts high-risk enrollees and leaves insurers with a pool of customers who are older and less well.

To cover those with existing health conditions, Republicans have floated the idea of continuous coverage–requiring everyone to maintain health coverage throughout their lives–although that sounds like a mandate to many and the GOP is still figuring out how to do it. Other ideas, like levying a surcharge on those who fail to sign up for insurance or to automatically enroll individuals eligible for subsidized coverage who don’t sign up, don’t sit well with the more conservative wing of the GOP.

Crowded Congressional Calendar

The Congressional calendar looms large in the analysis of how to repair or replace Obamacare. During the Republican retreat in Philadelphia, Speaker Ryan said he planned to bring a budget reconciliation package–that requires only 50 votes to pass rather than the usual 60–to the House floor by the end of March. This measure is expected to contain repeal and some replacement elements.  But a leaked recording from the same GOP retreat last month shows a party that remains divided and uncertain about how to move forward.

The delay on ACA “repair” pushes back legislative activity on almost every other priority. In addition to action on Obamacare, Republicans want to address an overhaul of the tax code and a massive infrastructure bill. On top of that, Republicans hope to pass all 12 fiscal year 2018 appropriation bills before Oct. 1, including funding for a wall on the Mexican border. Congress hasn’t passed its appropriations bills in two decades. In addition, there are several must-pass deadlines. Congress needs to fund the government before money runs out on April 28 and raise the debt ceiling by this summer. There is widespread concern that Trump and GOP leadership have simply identified too many big-ticket, politically thorny items to tackle in year one.

On Obamacare, expect a drawn out fight, not just between Republicans and Democrats, but within the GOP. The Obamacare alternatives being considered may not prove any more popular.

Updates by Claire Sachs: March 13, 2017

House Speaker Paul Ryan introduced the American Health Care Act (AHCA) on March 6, 2017. It was referred to the Ways and Means Committee and the Energy and Commerce Committee on March 8, 2017, both of which approved it on March 9, 2017. The main differences between this law and the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) are that:

• The Medicaid expansion would be phased out by 2020
• The individual mandate (tax penalties for not being insured) would be replaced by age-based refundable tax credits.
• Insurance companies could charge older patients up to 5x more than they charge younger patients instead of 3x.
• Insurance companies could charge a 30% penalty to people who let their coverage lapse.
• Taxes on health insurers, pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers, and high-cost employer health plans (aka Cadillac plans) would be repealed.
• Medicaid would be barred from reimbursing Planed Parenthood.

Also on March 13, 2017, the Congressional Budget Office released its report on the AHCA. It would cut $337 billion from the deficit over 10 years, but it would also cut coverage to 14 million people by 2018, increasing to 24 million by 2026. Under the AHCA, insurance premiums would be 15-20% higher in the first year compared Obamacare, and 10 percent lower on average after 2026.

March 23, 2017

The House of Representatives was due to vote on the AHCA this evening. Earlier today, members of the House Freedom Caucus, the conservative wing of the Republican party, met with leadership and the President to negotiate last minute amendments to sway caucus members. They discussed rolling back maternity coverage and other possibilities, but negotiations were unsuccessful. Ultimately, the vote was postponed because there were not enough votes to pass the bill.

March 24, 2017

Late yesterday, President Trump issued an ultimatum to Congress: vote on the AHCA or he moves on to the next item on his agenda.

Congressional Republicans agreed and scrambled to negotiate with the Freedom Caucus. In order to make the bill more appealing, they removed the 10 essential health benefits Obamacare required in every plan. These benefits cover: outpatient services, emergency room care, hospitalization, maternity costs, mental health/substance abuse services, prescription drugs, rehabilitative and habilitative services, lab tests, preventive care such as vaccines and annual physicals, and pediatric vision and dental care.

In the end, it wasn't enough. Speaker Ryan pulled the bill off the floor after over three hours of debate because he could only afford to lose 22 Republican votes, and 36 Representatives had declared their opposition, with an additional 15 leaning toward a "no" vote.

Republicans can modify the bill and reintroduce it, but without significant changes, it is unlikely to win enough support to pass this congress.

The Challenges of an Invisible Condition

Most of the people reading this blog have conditions that are invisible. If I had a nickel every time I heard, “you don’t look sick,” I wouldn’t be driving a teenage Honda. I am always pleased to hear it, as it is a testimony to my good control, at least most of the time.

But, no matter how “normal” I look to others, the fact is that I have a lot more mandatory work to do to live every day than the average human being. For example, I can’t just skip a meal when I’m not hungry. I have to either alter my insulin or make adjustments so my body doesn’t get mad at me (yes, sometimes I think of my physical self as a separate entity with its own agenda, especially when I have blood drawn and my veins run away, like they’re playing hide and seek). This might not matter most days, but when it does, it REALLY does.

How do you explain to a boss that no, you don’t have a fever, and yes, you are probably functional enough to work from home, but you can’t come into work today because you have to deal with the side effects of your condition? I do not like to be around people if I just can’t get my blood sugar down. It’s a very vulnerable place to be. I feel like crap and I am scared because I can’t figure out what’s going on. Also, I like the people I work with, but not enough to let them into that particular corner of my life. If nothing else, it would totally undermine their view of me as a competent co-worker.

Or how do you handle the looks you get if you park in a handicapped parking space, but you don’t look handicapped? The world has a lot of righteous judgment for people they’ve never met.

Then there are the times, especially if you are seeing a provider who doesn’t know you well, when you feel like you have to justify the reason for your visit. I remember going to see my GP—who does know me well—for a sore throat that had lasted upwards of three weeks before I went to see him. I’d been checking my temperature and it didn’t seem like I had much of one, especially since I tend to run about a point lower than average, so 98.6 is actually high, more like 99.6. When he checked my throat, I told him I wished I’d come earlier in the day because it didn’t hurt in the afternoons as much as it did in the mornings, and I assumed the inflammation would be more visible. He told me I didn’t have to justify myself, that he  believed that I had what I said I did. I think I almost cried, which is not something I do publicly. Ever.

I have always coped by leading with my chin—thick skin, don’t care what others think, defensiveness as an end in itself. This is not a position I would recommend. It can be very isolating. To give you an idea, the people who are closest to me aren’t there because I invited them in; they are there because they thought I was worth the effort of pushing past that rough exterior. They have stuck with me through a lot, and I will never be able to express how grateful I am for their friendship.

I think... I think that the healthiest way to cope is to accept that everyone has their own version of normal. You can share as much or as little as you are comfortable with. But without your health, you have nothing. Don’t push yourself so hard that it affects your condition. Accept help from the people who love you. Teach them how. They are your safety net. And know that there are going to be days when you have to put yourself first. This is not something to be ashamed of, it just is.

How did Henry David Thoreau put it? “I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived. I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so sturdily and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not life, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms...”[1]

 It’s hard to hear, but our lives are limited. Do what you need to do to get as much as you can out of what you have.

[1] http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/2690-i-went-to-the-woods-because-i-wished-to-live

Insurance 101

So, insurance. What to say about insurance? Can’t live with it, can’t toss it out a window and see it shatter into a thousand pieces on the sidewalk below? At least the (figurative) sound would be satisfying.

Diabetes is one of the most enduringly expensive conditions on the planet. The insulin pump I wear costs more than twice the average price for an engagement ring, and test strips can cost more than $1.50 each. I use between 6 and 10 per day. I’m sure your condition isn’t far behind. The bottom line is, unless independently wealthy, chronic patients can’t live a healthy life without insurance.

According to the Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF), the nearly half of the population depends on employer-provided insurance. Most of us are familiar with that narrow timeframe known as “open season” during which you are supposed to examine all of the options and make the best choice for your family and your budget. Missing the deadline can mean a loss of coverage. It’s certainly apt that the term is also used by hunters in this country. I always feel like I am under pressure and if I can just make it through the two weeks with the right decision in hand, I will be ok. At least for the next calendar year.

But first we’ve got to get there. How does health insurance even work, and how do they come up with all these different plans? What is the difference between a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) and a Preferred Provider Organization (PPO)? Which is right for me? Do I need separate Vision and Dental coverage? Should I use an HSA or FSA? What is different in the Formulary this year? Why is drug coverage through a separate company? What qualifies as In-network vs. Out-of Network? How likely am I to hit my out-of-pocket maximum and what counts toward it? Is there a different out-of-pocket maximum for out of network coverage?

Those are just some of the questions you face every year. They are a headache for seasoned veterans, nearly impossible to decipher for newbies. Hopefully, as I am able to do research and post more often, I will be able to help you demystify and provide answers to your questions.

How a (Healthcare) Bill Becomes a Law

This is complicated. I have two degrees in government and politics plus 18 years in Washington, and I still need to reach out and ask sometimes. But it is important to understand what our government plans for us. It’s not just about those who will be covered under new healthcare legislation; private plans will adjust to accommodate new laws as well. So, please bear with me as I lay it out. And if you need clarification, please feel free to contact me here.

Background

A healthcare bill isn’t always just a healthcare bill. Because there has to be a way to pay for additional coverage and administration of the new laws, healthcare legislation includes sections that raise taxes. If legislation “raises revenue” for the government, it falls under Article I, Section 7, Clause 1 of the Constitution, the Origination Clause, which says, “All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.”

So, even though the Executive Branch (President and Cabinet Agencies) may develop healthcare legislation, it must be introduced in the House of Representatives of the Legislative Branch (Congress). It’s official when the bill’s title is read on the House floor.

Setting the Stage

In January 2017, Congress went through a process called budget reconciliation. Budget resolutions do not usually become law. They do not go to the Senate and do not need presidential approval. Budget reconciliation is a way to get parts of a budget enacted as law.

Because Congress failed to pass a budget in 2016, Congressional Republicans knew that they were coming into session with majorities in both chambers. They passed a new budget resolution that included reconciliation shortly after the new Congress was sworn in. Under that resolution, Republican House and Senate leadership gave instructions to the committees with jurisdiction over healthcare to submit legislation changing taxation provisions in the Affordable Care Act (ACA – also referred to as Obamacare) so they comply with the new budget. This allows that particular legislation to pass the House and Senate with a simple majority instead of the 60 votes it would require to stop a Democratic filibuster. Since Obamacare includes tax provisions as a way to fund itself, a budget reconciliation could effectively strip those provisions and leave the ACA unfunded (the "repeal" part of the GOP plan to "repeal and replace").

However, there are some limitations. The provisions of the budget the committees would propose under reconciliation have to relate to taxes or government spending. This means that Republicans can’t repeal the entire ACA at once, just the parts dealing with how it funds itself. They cannot repeal the policies relating to who and what is covered. Additional actions can be taken, but the above process is what Speaker Ryan means when he says reconciliation is the first step.

Behind the Scenes

House Speaker Paul Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell are very influential in persuading their members to vote as they recommend. With the White House behind them, they have been working hard to assure the votes they need to pass Speaker Ryan’s plan, known as the American Health Care Act (AHCA). So why are so many Republicans expressing doubt? As Ezra Klein said in an interview with the Pod Save America podcast, Republican goals differ:

• Conservatives want to offer coverage while still controlling cost through the free market (private industry competition). Many in this group are members of the House Freedom Caucus.
• Libertarians want no Federal role in healthcare.
• Moderates want to improve coverage and lower costs.

For Speaker Ryan’s plan to succeed, he, Majority Leader McConnell, and the President will have to find a way to address the concerns of enough of the doubters to secure majorities in Congress. This is no small task.

Process

1. The House of Representatives

After being introduced and assigned a number, the bill is referred to the Ways and Means Committee, which is responsible for writing new tax legislation, the Energy and Commerce Committee, which regulates the insurance industry, the Budget Committee, which says what the government can tax and spend, and any other committee that has jurisdiction a particular function of the bill.

While the committees review the bill, they hold hearings, kind of like interviews of people whose expertise they need to understand the bill and what will happen and what will not happen if it is passed. Sometimes they also ask about the impact of not passing the bill. After the hearings, committee members mark up the bill. This is when they debate and propose amendments. The last step for the committees is voting on whether to accept all the changes they made during mark-ups.

Each Committee has three options: send the bill to a subcommittee for further debate, send it to the whole House for a vote, or “table” the bill, which means it never leaves the Committee. Tabled bills usually are not reintroduced until the next Congress.

When the bill reaches the floor of the House, it is accompanied by reports about why the committees recommended passage. Then the full body of the House debates and proposes amendments. The House Rules Committee sets the terms of the debate, time limits, and which amendments are offered. Each amendment is considered separately and subject to its own vote.

When the debate is over, there is a roll call vote. If the bill passes, the House sends the final version to the Senate.

2. Senate

Senate processes are very similar to those in the House. When the Senate receives the House bill, Senators decide whether to send the House bill to committee or offer their own version.

On the Senate side of the rotunda, healthcare bills go to the Finance Committee, which regulates taxes (among other things), and the Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions (HELP) Committee. The bill goes through hearings, debates, mark-ups, and committee votes as it did in the House. The reports that accompany the bill to the Senate explains any amendments accepted by the committee. The bill is then reported for floor action, where Senators can debate and offer amendments. Lastly, Senate votes. If the bill passes, the Senate sends it back to the House.

3. Conference Committee

Conference Committee works on a compromise between the two chambers. The House rarely accepts the Senate’s version of its bill, so the House adopts a motion to officially object to the Senate’s changes.

Conference Committee members are appointed by the Speaker of the House and the President of the Senate. Each side votes as a unit, and the majority party in each chamber controls the vote. The Committee debates and tries to reach a compromise, then sends the compromise bill to each Chamber for floor votes. If defeated in either chamber, the bill dies. If passed, Congress sends the compromise bill to the President for signature.

4. Executive Branch

When he receives the bill, typically the President asks for advice from Cabinet Agencies that (a) have expertise on the issue, and (b) would be responsible for enforcing the provisions of the bill should it become law. If the President decides to sign the bill, it becomes law immediately, and the relevant agencies begin writing and adopting regulations and policies necessary to enforce the new law. If the President vetoes (doesn’t sign) the bill, he sends it back to Congress with the reasons why he didn’t sign.

Once back at the Capitol, Congress has two options. It can accept the President’s recommendations and send the bill back to the White House for signature. The bill becomes a law. Or Congress can override a veto with a 2/3 supermajority vote in both the House (290 votes) and the Senate (67 votes). The bill becomes a law. However, if Congress doesn’t accept the President’s recommendations or can’t get the necessary 2/3 votes, the bill dies.

Simultaneous 

5. Congressional Budget Office

The Congressional Budget Office is a nonpartisan agency in the Legislative Branch of the government. It evaluates the economic impact of proposed legislation.

These are the guys and gals who figure out how many people will gain or lose health insurance coverage, how much increased or decreased coverage will impact the economy, and other things Members of Congress want to consider when debating new healthcare policy.

6. Lobbyists

Lobbyists and special interest groups are essentially the same thing. Lobbyists are usually hired to represent special interests. And before you bristle at the idea power and influence trading, consider that you are represented by special interest groups whether you are a member or not. There are special interest groups who lobby for women’s issues, specific industries (including yours), and people with chronic and autoimmune conditions, both individual conditions and the collective community.

Yes, there is a lot of money involved – lobbyists are highly paid advocates and expert fundraisers – but they are also an integral part of the process. Lawmakers need expertise from people who know the issues inside and out. There may be a few on Capitol Hill, but there are many more with diverse viewpoints outside of the government. For example, if my premiums are going up, a lawmaker will hear it and know it’s bad for some of his or her constituents, but not know the details of why the premium is going up or what to consider when constructing a viable solution.

Lobbyists can meet with anytime lawmakers before final floor votes. Often, they will meet several times with lawmakers to keep trying to persuade them to see their client’s point of view.

After

7. Judicial Branch

The courts only come into play if a situation arises where what should happen under the new law isn’t clear or contradicts existing law. A plaintiff makes a legal challenge in court to clarify the law, and the case makes its way from the lower courts to the higher courts. In these cases, it is up to the courts to decide if a particular action is legal and constitutional (The Supreme Court.)

If a case reaches the Supreme Court (they decide what cases they hear), all other state and federal courts have to decide their cases using the Supreme Court’s guidance. If the Supreme Court decides not to hear a case, the decision of the last court to rule stands.